Affirmative Action Policies Of The United States - 1908 Words

Diversity in the United States has been stymied due to the country’s legacy of slavery and subsequent successful efforts to legislate segregation of Blacks and Whites. At the beginning of the twentieth century, White legislative leaders sought laws to reflect the citizenry’s preference to discriminate, subordinate, and disenfranchise Black citizens. Segregation ordinances, poll taxes, and discriminatory practices of employers, educational institutions, and skill trade unions formed effective barriers to diversity proponents. This practice of exclusion reigned supreme. Fortunately, the nation has become more accepting of diversity in all phases of political and social life as the population grows increasingly more diverse. Affirmative†¦show more content†¦Is it reasonable to expect the benefits of preferential treatment, which is how many Whites in the United States began to define affirmative action, to outweigh its costs? The costs that are often cited include the losses of efficiency that occur when less-than-best-qualified applicants are chosen; another misconception that Whites began to embrace. The hostility and suspicion of the bypassed candidates who legitimately believe that their efforts and accomplishments have been ignored due to preferential treatment awarded Blacks and women. There are those in the political and social community who argue for the elimination of affirmative action requirements. President John F. Kennedy made the first reference to â€Å"affirmative action† on March 6, 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925 which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. The Executive Order also mandated that projects financed with federal funds take affirmative action to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias. The efforts to establish affirmative action as a policy did not end with the death of President Kennedy. Kennedy’s successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson, is considered a champion of civil rights and a proponent of diversity within the United States. In 1967, Johnson expanded the Executive Order to include affirmative action requirements to benefit women. As the United States

Essay on Examples of Hostile Sexism - 702 Words

(A) Despite the fact that there is an increasing number of women in the workforce, there are few in leadership positions. This is because of ambivalent sexism. There are two different types of ambivalent sexism: hostile and benevolent. A Hostile sexist is someone who as combative and antagonistic view towards a woman. He believes that women are trying to gain control over men using feministic views and their sexuality (which they are threatened by). Examples of hostile sexism: â€Å"Women do not appreciate everything that men do for them† or â€Å"Women use sex to gain power over men†. Hostile sexism punishes women who do not conform to social roles with aggression and hostility, and it rewards women who conform. Benevolent sexism is when a†¦show more content†¦Descriptive stereotyping is used by both men and women, and may be unintentional and go unnoticed until someone is made aware of it making this type of gender stereotyping hard to change. A prescr iptive stereotype is a belief about the behaviors men and women are expected to comply to. Prescriptive stereotypes are perpetuated when someone uses a descriptive stereotype to justify a behavior and justify the use of traditional social (and gender) hierarchy. This results in discrimination of women because men will assert hostile and aggressive behavior against women who break the gender norm. This type of stereotyping maintains the power imbalance that men and women have in the workplace because it is not socially accepted for a women to demonstrate â€Å"masculine qualities† to get ahead. Men are more likely to use this type of discrimination. It is hard for men to change their prescriptive stereotypes because they are still very largely accepted in society and these stereotypes keep men in power. (C) Agency is a person’s ability to make their own individual choices. Traits associated with agency include being: confident, aggressive dominant, forceful, ambitious intelligent. On the other hand, communal traits, which are traits that better the community versus better the individual, include being: helpful, sensitive, affectionate, caring, sympathetic and nurturing. According to the gender stereotype, agentic traits are associated withShow MoreRelatedBenevolence Sexism And Its Impact On Women s Accomplishments1433 Words   |  6 Pages Ideologies surrounding benevolence sexism are constructed on a basis of doubt; for instance a woman being appraised for her accomplishments, while highlighting the disbelief that she can accomplish that specific task. Benevolence sexism gives rise to positive attitude towards women’s accomplishments, while placing a gender gap on what they are able to accomplish, when compared to men. According to, Viki Abrams (2002), Benevolent sexism is any form of expressive acts that are discriminatoryRead More Sexism in Our Society Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesSexism in Our Society Sexism has always been a major issue for women. It seems that today, everyone has to be careful of what they say and do so as to avoid offending someone. While everyone is busy worrying about extinguishing sexism towards women - which still is an issue that needs to be taken care of, who is concerned with sexism towards men? Sexism is just as much of an issue to men as it is to women. Many people believe that men have advantages over women when comes to aRead MoreThe Social Cognitive Theory Developed By Albert Bandura987 Words   |  4 Pagesbeneath the article and researchers put their responses into a number of categories including â€Å"Hostile Sexism, Benevolent Sexism, Agreement and Denial of Sexism,†(Peters et al 163), among others. Benevolent sexism argues that placing women on pedestals to be protected and supported by men, which degrades a woman’s strength because she is not seen as strong and independent (Casad,Lee.Sexism). Hostile sexism is defined as seeing women as inferior and incompetent compared to men (Casad,Lee.Sexism). FromRead MoreReligion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1643 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristic of most of the world with only 16% of the world having no religious affiliation (Pew Research, 2015). A number of celebrations and holidays come from religion, and are often the reasons a lot of people ta ke off certain days of the years. For example, schools or work offices are sometimes almost or completely shut down for holidays like the Good Friday preceding Easter Sunday or Christmas. Religion is universal and is engrained into most cultures throughout the world. Pilgrimages to Rome or MeccaRead MoreThe Psychology Behind Prejudice : Humans Attitude1089 Words   |  5 PagesWithin psychology, we can link prejudice with discrimination and stereotyping (Plous, 2003). Although each may go together, they can be done separately. Prejudice and discrimination are most likely absent in a positive stereo type (Plous, 2013). For example describing an ethnic group as â€Å"family oriented†. Stereo typing does little to no harm without discrimination or prejudice. A generalized form of prejudice may lack discrimination and stereo types, such as being against foreigners. Prejudice aloneRead MoreEssay about The ranch in Of Mice and Men is a very hostile environment.1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe ranch in Of Mice and Men is a very hostile environment. The ranch in ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a very hostile environment. What do we learn about life during the Great Depression from John Steinbeck’s novel? In this essay I aim to describe how life was like on a ranch during the great depression in John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’. Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. This is where the book is set, in the Salinas valley. The books exact location is inRead MoreThe Target Area Of My Prejudice Reduction Strategy Is Benevolent Sexism1937 Words   |  8 Pagesbenevolent sexism. Unlike hostile sexism, in which is antagonistic and overtly purports the idea that men are more competent than women and belonging in leadership, benevolent sexism often appears chivalrous and well-intentioned. Benevolent sexism is, as the saying goes, â€Å"an iron fist in a velvet glove.† It appears flattering and kind, for women’s ‘own good’ so to speak, but underneath the faà §ade is actually just another way of controlling women and maintaining male dominance. Whereas hostile sexism is forceRead MoreEquality for Women in our Society Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesforce or other areas that where once considered a man’s domain, new ideas could be brought to attention that would otherwise be neglected. Women often play the referee in family matters, so why not apply their compassion and practical sense in mo re hostile environment. In heated debates, often a levelheaded mediator is needed. The compassion of a woman can help in smoothing over differences and assist in resolving matters that could otherwise end in a stand still or worse. From a business perspectiveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Megyn Kelly Missed819 Words   |  4 PagesEmployment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), stating how organizations should learn to adapt to better human resources management practices to prevent discriminatory actions. Some of the implications The EEOC covers about differential treatment include, sexism, the glass ceiling, and dispute settlements, which will all prevent impediments from hindering company success, and in return, empower the human resources department in organizations. Megyn Kelly was a victim of sex discrimination on her night showRead MoreResearch on the Effects of Violence in Video Games2397 Words   |  10 Pagesaggression and violence there are other negative factors that need to be fully investigated, such as sexism and violence towards women in video games. Stermer and Burkley (2012) investigated the association between playing sexist video games and sexist attitudes, their results indicated that male participants who played video games perceived to be high in sexism showed higher levels of benevolent sexism in contrast to male participants’ who did not play these games. Female characters are often depicted

Memorials Free Essays

The Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any Judgment, decree, determination, sentence, or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal . Art 136 confers a discretionary power on the Supreme Court to interfere in suitable ceases, such as, a breach of natural Justice by the order appealed against or in exceptional ceases. The Supreme Court will intervene in if there has been a resultant failure of Justices or violation of principles of natural Justices or without a proper appreciation of material on record or the submissions made, interference under Art. We will write a custom essay sample on Memorials or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6 is warranted. The Supreme Court grant leave to appeal in criminal matters when exceptional and special circumstances exist, substantial and grave injustice has been done, and the case in question presents features of sufficient gravity to warrant a review of the decision appealed against or there has been a departure from legal procedure such as vitiates the whole trial, or if the findings of fact were such as were shocking to the judicial conscience of the Court. It would interfere where High Court’s order results in gross miscarriage of Justice’s. That special leave petition against interim order maintainable. The Supreme Court exercise its Jurisdiction under Art. 136 of the Constitution in respect of an interlocutory/interim order in especial circumstances to prevent manifest injustice or abuse of process of the Court 1 or where it is unsustainable on the face of it or where the interim order passed by the Division Bench of the High Court, on facts, is perverse in nature’s or unreasonable. Where the interim order was not made in equity, interference by the Supreme Court was called forl.That the reasons for the decision must be given. A decision affecting the right of people without assigning any reason cannot be accepted as a procedure which is fair, Just and reasonable and hence violated of ‘reasons’ may also be implied in the principles of ‘natural Justice’17. Absence of reasoning is impermissible in Judicial pronouncement’s. It is the reasoning alone, that can enable a higher or an appellate court to appreciate the controversy in issue in its correct perspective and to hold whether the reasoning recorded by the Court whose order is impugned, is sustainable in law and whether it has adopted the correct legal approach. To sub-serve the purpose of Justice delivery system, therefore, it is essential that the Courts should record reasons for its conclusions, whether disposing of the case at admission stage or after regular hearing proper reasoning is the foundation of a Just and fair decision. Failure to give reasons amounts to denial of Justice’s. When the reason of a law once ceases, the law itself generally ceases. That order passed in violation of natural Justice is void. The breaches of rules of natural Justice must have the effect of producing void decisions. Any action in violation of principles of natural Justice is a nullity and is altar-fires and hence suffers from Jurisdictional error. Thus, an order which infringes an fundamental freedom passed in violation of audit alters parted is a nullity. That decision of sub-ordinate court is in violation of Doctrine of Proportionality. The punishment imposed has to be reasonable because of the constraints of Art. 14. This means that if the punishment imposed is unreasonable, Art. 14 is infringed. The court can thus decide upon the proportionality of the punishment when it is strikingly disproportionate. The penalty imposed must be commensurate with the gravity of he misconduct, and that any penalty disproportionate to the gravity of the misconduct would be violated of Art. 14 of the Constitution. The freedom of speech is regarded as â€Å"a species of which freedom of expression is a genus†29 That a company can challenge the violation of its Fundamental Rights under Article 19 of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court has stated that the law with regard to a company challenging the violation of its Fundamental Rights under Article 19 is in a â€Å"nebulous state†. The Court has gone on to say: â€Å"Thus apart from the law fundamental freedoms guaranteed by Art. 9, the rights of a shareholder and the company which the shareholders have formed are rather co-extensive and the denial to one of the fundamental freedom would be denial to the other. That intention is necessary for the offence of defamation under Section 499 of Indian Penal Code. In order to attract the offence of defamation under Section 499 of I. P. C. Mess area is required I. E. The publication must be made with intention to harm the reputation of a person against whom it was directed. The accused must have made the imputation with the intention of harming or with the knowledge that it will harm the reputation of the person defamed. Therefore, the intention to cause harm is the most essential â€Å"sine qua non† of an offence under Section 49934. That a company cannot be held criminally liable for the offence of defamation. In view of Section 3(42), General Clauses Act, 1897 a company or association or body of individuals answers the definition of person. So, prima facie a company may be prosecuted for demotion. But, to invoke Section 499, the defamatory publication must be associated by delinquent’s intention to cause harm. But company cannot be said to have the Mess area of forming an intention to cause harm because a company, a rustic entity cannot have any mind. If there is anything in the definition or context of a particular section in the statute which will prevent the application of the section to a limited company, certainly a limited company cannot be proceeded against. Then again a limited company cannot generally be tried when Mess area is essentially. The company is a legal entity which can be prosecuted if it is guilty of acts which make it punishable under the particular Criminal Statuette. So a company cannot be held to have committed an offence under Section 500, l. P. CO. That decision must be given after viewing publication as a whole. Publication must be Judged as a whole. The impact and effect of the imputations, if any, had to be considered in the background of the entire facts and circumstances stated therein. The bane and the antidote ought to have been considered together. If in one part of the publication there is something disreputable but it is removed by the other parts and the conclusions, then the disreputable part alone cannot be taken out in the process of picking and choosing in order to venture a prosecution for defamation. How to cite Memorials, Papers

Acting in the Interest of the Company- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theActing in the Interest of the Company for Shareholders. Answer: Introduction The directors of any company are key players in the success of that particular firm, whether small or big. They can be termed as the soul of the business. The directors are clad with the management role in the firm and making both operational and strategic decisions for the company as well as making sure that the company meets its statutory obligations. Directors attend board meetings to enhance decision making and moving towards reaching the firms goals and set objectives. Overall, directors are the company agents who are appointed by the shareholders to manage the daily operations of the firm. This paper is aimed at identifying actions that directors acting in the best interest of the firm would take. Actions that directors acting in the best interest of the firm would take As mentioned earlier in this paper, directors are the overall bosses of any firm who is responsible for the daily operations of the company. They are charged with the duty to ensure that its goals and objectives are met. Directors who act in the best interest of a firm would take several actions to ensure that the firm is running smoothly and effectively as well as ensuring that the business objectives as made(Elyasiani, 2016). In general, directors acting in the best interest of any firm would ensure that they exercise their powers and play their roles for the sole benefit of the firm and its general well-being. Directors are expected to act in good faith and interests of a firm. One of the actions that directors acting in the best interest of a firm are taking is promoting and exercising equity. The duty to practice equity branches from fiduciary obligations which are found in equity. This duty demands a person in a fiduciary throughput to act in the trust position for the sole advantage of the beneficiary(Rodriguez-Fernandez, 2016). Because the relationship between a firm and a director is termed as fiduciary, directors are obliged to promoting equity. Directors are expected to take the best actions that are in the interest of the firm rather than benefiting them themselves. Achievement of business goals and objectives usually call for honesty from the side of directors(Williams, 2014). A director acting in the best interest of the company would ensure that there are equity and honesty for sustainable development in the company. Another action is turning their minds to the interests of the company. These directors can make sure that they attend meetings as required and sacrifice time for attending to the firms documents when the need arises. They should act competently in the zeal to meet their obligations. Directors acting in the best interest of a firm usually drop ignorance and sacrifice themselves for devoted service to the company. Another action is not using their official position to attain favors they don't deserve. Some directors abuse the powers vested in them by using their positions to get benefits from the company, shareholders or any other stakeholder. Directors acting in the best interest of the firm should shun this evil at all cost. They should not give their interests a priority that exceeds that of the firm(McNulty, 2015). These directors do not involve themselves in squandering the firms finance or allocating themselves undue allowances. They always think regarding what can benefit the firm and not what can benefit me(Arena, 2016). Even though it is somewhat difficult to forget oneself and operate for the benefit of another person, directors are obliged to. Their position requires them to give much attention to moves that would improve the well-being of the firm regarding profitability and competitive advantages(McAlister, 2015). They would not seek to formulate strategies that will eventually be nefit them but rather ones that will be a stepping stone towards the success of the firm they are working for. Another action would be acting within their powers and by the set rules and regulations. There are national provisions that ought to be complied with by a firm. Directors acting in the best interest of a firm would ensure compliance with the law so that their firm does not find itself in a state of the imbroglio, something that could paralyze its operations. They also act by the constitution of the company that contains the articles of association, resolutions, among others. Taking a keen interest in protecting the firms constitution and ensuring compliance with statutory regulations is a big step towards acting in the best interest of the company. Another action is promoting the success of the firm. This move may take several ways among them determining the consequence of decision making, the impacts of the operations of the firm to the community and environment, as well as safeguarding the image of the company. These directors ensure that their firm is destined to success(Cuadrado-Ballesteros, 2016). They must be willing to make decisions and strategies that will keep the company moving forward towards achieving its goals. Directors acting in the best interest of the company may take action of avoiding conflict of interest. In this connection, a board of director should not be a competitor, supplier or a customer of the same firm because this brings the conflict of interest(Vovchenko, 2014). They should not own other businesses that provide the same commodities as that of their firm. Again, they ought not to use the company's information for their gain or the advantage of their competitors(Cocks, 2016). Neither they nor their relatives should benefit from their position. On the same note, they should not be advisors of their rival firms. Conclusion Directors are the overall bosses and overseers of the firm they are working for. They make decisions and plans towards the well being of the firm. However, they should not use their position or the power vested in them for their gain. They ought to appreciate that they are working for the firm and so they should ensure that every move they take is for the sole benefit of the firm. They are obliged to acting in good faith and in the interest of the firm and nothing less than that. References Arena, C., 2016. Environmental reporting: Transparency to stakeholders or stakeholder manipulation? An analysis of disclosure tone and the role of the board of directors. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 6(8), pp.53-59. Cocks, G., 2016. Competence Gaps in Company Directors in New Zealand. In Toulon-Verona Conference, 6(8), pp.65-76. Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., 2016. The role of independent directors at family firms about corporate social responsibility disclosures. International Business Review, 7(8), pp.54-87. Elyasiani, E., 2016. Bank holding company performance, risk, and busy board of directors. Journal of Banking Finance, 45(78), pp.65-78. McAlister, D., 2015. Corporate governance and ethical leadership. In Business ethics. New challenges for business schools and corporate leaders, 5(9), pp.56-67. McNulty, T., 2015. Developing the governance space: A study of the role and potential of the company secretary in and around the board of directors. Organization Studies, 6(8), pp.7-9. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M., 2016. Social responsibility and financial performance: The role of good corporate governance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 6(8), pp.78-90. Vovchenko, G., 2014. Ensuring financial stability of companies with international experience in construction of risks maps, internal control, and audit. European Research Studies Journal, 5(8), pp.65-77. Williams, T., 2014. Identifying success factors in construction projects: A case study. Project Management Journal, 5(8), pp.56-76.